전동 모터 테스트 벤치: GB/T Compliance for Light Electric Motorcycles

Electric Mopeds: A Fast-Growing Test Challenge

Electric mopeds (电动轻便摈托车) — the low-speed, low-power cousins of electric motorcycles — represent one of the fastest-growing segments of global urban mobility. In China alone, over 60 million electric two-wheelers are produced annually, with a significant share classified as light electric motorcycles under GB/T 7258: maximum design speed above 50 km/h but below 70 km/h, motor power typically 1–4 kW.

As Chinese regulators tighten enforcement of GB standards for two-wheeler motor performance, manufacturers face increasing pressure to certify motor performance before type approval. The test requirements for light electric motorcycles differ meaningfully from both standard electric bicycles (below 250W, 25 km/h) and full electric motorcycles (~ 위에 4 kW, 70 km/h) — requiring a dedicated 테스트 벤치 configuration.

Classification: Where Does Your Motor Fit?

Understanding the regulatory classification determines which test standard applies:

Vehicle Type	Chinese Term	최대 속도	모터 파워	기준
Electric bicycle (e-bike)	电动自行车	≤25 km/h	≤250 여	GB 17761
Light electric motorcycle	电动轻便摈托车	25–70 km/h	≤4 kW	GB/T 7258 + GB/T 36979
전기 오토바이	电动摈托车	>50 km/h	4–11 kW	GB/T 7258 + GB/T 36979
전기 오토바이 (high power)	电动摈托车	>50 km/h	>11 kW	GB/T 7258 + GB/T 36979 + additional

The motor-specific standard, GB/T 36979, applies to all motor-powered two-wheelers above the e-bike threshold. 하지만, the test durations for peak torque differ by classification:

• 전기 자전거 모터 (≤4 kW 피크, meeting light motorcycle threshold): 에 대해 지속되는 피크 토크 30 초
• Full electric motorcycle motors (>4 kW): 에 대해 지속되는 피크 토크 60 초

GB/T 36979 Test Items for Light Electric Motorcycle Motors

1. 연속 토크 및 전력 테스트

The motor is run at rated voltage with torque increasing to rated continuous torque. The system must sustain rated torque for 30 분. Temperature rise during this period must not exceed the insulation class limit:

• 권선 온도 상승: ≤80케이 (클래스 B), ≤105케이 (F급), ≤125케이 (클래스 H)
• 베어링 온도: ≤55K rise over ambient
• Housing surface temperature: ≤65°C above ambient

2. 피크 토크 테스트 (30 초)

The key differentiator from e-bike and full motorcycle tests. The load dynamometer applies increasing torque to the motor output until the rated peak torque (from the product technical specification) 도달했다. The system must sustain this peak torque for a minimum of 30 continuous seconds.

Requirements during peak torque test:

• Battery voltage or supply voltage must remain within ±5% of rated voltage throughout
• Motor and controller must not trigger thermal protection cutback during the 30-second period
• Temperature must not exceed absolute limits at test end
• Load must reach 95% of peak torque within 2 테스트 시작 초

3. Maximum Working Speed

With rated voltage applied and minimum specified load, the motor must reach and maintain rated maximum speed (as specified in the product technical file) for at least 3 분. Stable operation is verified by checking that speed variation remains within ±2% of the setpoint.

4. 능률 at Five Load Points

System efficiency (electrical input to mechanical output) is measured at five torque points as a fraction of rated continuous torque:

Load Point	토크 (% rated)	Target Efficiency	Why This Point Matters
Light urban load	50%	>72%	Flat road, city traffic
부분 부하	80%	>78%	Slight gradient
정격부하	100%	>82%	Rated design point
고부하	150%	>78%	Moderate hill climb
최대 부하	피크 토크	>70%	Maximum acceleration

These efficiency requirements are lower than for full electric motorcycles (which must achieve >85% at rated load) — reflecting the simpler motor designs typical of the 1–4 kW moped segment.

5. T-N Characteristic Curve

The complete torque-speed curve from zero to maximum speed, measured at rated voltage. For moped hub motors, the T-N curve is particularly important because the legal speed limit (maximum design speed) is verified from this curve under load — not from free-running no-load speed, which is typically higher.

Test Bench Configuration for Light Electric Motorcycle Motors

Motor Types and Their Test Challenges

Light electric motorcycle motors fall into three categories, each with specific test bench requirements:

Hub Motors (Outer Rotor BLDC)

The most common type for mopeds. The motor is built into the rear wheel hub, rotating the rim directly. Test bench coupling uses a wheel-axle adapter that clamps the axle stationary while the dynamometer couples to the rotating rim. Output speed is low (200–800 rpm at the rim) with high torque (20–80 N·m at the rim).

Mid-Drive with Internal Reduction

Less common in the moped segment, more common for higher-power light motorcycles. The motor shaft spins at 3,000–6,000 rpm; 감속기 후, output is 300–800 rpm. Test bench can connect at either the motor shaft or the output shaft — output shaft is preferred for type approval testing.

Geared Hub Motors

Combine a small high-speed motor with a planetary reduction gear inside the hub. Output speed is lower than direct-drive hubs, torque is higher. The gearbox efficiency loss must be included in system efficiency measurements.

Recommended Test Bench Specification

매개변수	사양
모터 출력 범위	100 여 – 5 kW
출력축 속도 범위	0 – 2,000 rpm
Output torque range	0 – 200 N·중
토크 센서 정확도	±0.1% FS
전력 분석기 정확도	±0.2% (DC input at controller terminals)
온도 채널	8 열전대 입력 (굴곡 × 2, 베어링 × 2, housing × 2, ambient × 1, controller × 1)
배터리 시뮬레이터	36다섯 – 96다섯, 0–100양방향
CAN interface	2.0A/B 가능 (for controller diagnostic readout)
Coupling adapters	Hub axle adapter, spline adapter, chain sprocket adapter
Standards compliance	GB/T 36979, GB/T 7258, GB/T 34660
EoL test cycle time	8–15 모터당 분

라인 끝 Testing for Production

비욘드 R&D and type approval, moped motor test benches play a critical role in production quality control. With 60+ million motors produced annually in China, end-of-line (단종) testing must be fast, automated, and highly reliable.

A typical EoL test sequence for a 1.5 kW moped hub motor (target: 10 minutes total):

1. 무부하 실행 (2 min): Run at 500 rpm and rated speed — check for abnormal noise, 현재 무승부, bearing vibration
2. Rated point check (3 min): Apply rated torque at rated speed — verify efficiency within acceptance band (±3% of type-approval value)
3. Peak torque brief check (30 sec): Apply peak torque — verify current limit, no fault codes
4. Temperature check: Verify winding temperature rise at rated load is within limits
5. 자동화된 합격/불합격: All data logged against serial number, report generated

A well-designed EoL system handles 40–60 motors per 8-hour shift — essential for production volumes in this segment.

자주 묻는 질문

Does GB/T 36979 testing require a certified test laboratory?

For type approval submitted to MIIT (Ministry of Industry and Information Technology), the test must be conducted at an accredited laboratory listed in the CATARC or equivalent approved testing agency database. For internal quality control and supplier qualification, manufacturers can use their own calibrated test benches.

What voltage does the test bench use — battery or power supply?

GB/T 36979 specifies testing at rated battery voltage (±5%). A programmable DC power supply simulating the battery is preferred over an actual battery pack — it provides stable voltage under load, allows precise voltage setting, and eliminates battery SOC variation. The supply must be capable of sourcing the peak current during the 30-second peak torque test.

How does the 30-second test differ from the 60-second test for full motorcycles?

The 30-second duration for light motorcycle motors reflects their lower thermal mass. In 30 초, the motor winding temperature rises significantly but does not reach thermal equilibrium — the test verifies that the motor can sustain peak torque throughout the acceleration phase without thermal cutback, not that it can sustain it indefinitely.

결론

Electric moped motor testing under GB/T 36979 requires a dedicated test bench configured for hub motor coupling, battery voltage simulation, and the specific 30-second peak torque test protocol. As Chinese regulators tighten type approval enforcement across the light motorcycle category, manufacturers without proper test bench capability face increasing risk of compliance failures at the vehicle level.

EconoTest supplies moped motor test benches from 100W to 5 kW, covering hub motor, geared hub, and mid-drive configurations with full GB/T 36979 compliance and EoL automation capability.

→ Request a moped motor test bench configuration matched to your motor type and production volume.